Gordon Pennycook . Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. >> This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. << -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. /FirstChar 32 Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . /Type /Page [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Group << Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? 3,000 & 10,000 \\ >> Olivier . << On what dimensions do cultures differ? /Contents 36 0 R endobj /Chartsheet /Part -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /F3 23 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. << 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 /Subtype /Type1 /Workbook /Document 7,000 & 6,000 \\ What is the difference between them? Before this, human thinking was. /Subtype /TrueType Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. /Type /StructTreeRoot /Annots [34 0 R] ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R >> /Type /Page /StructParents 8 /StructParents 0 /Contents 45 0 R /Font << -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 % /F3 23 0 R 19 0 obj 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /K [20 0 R] /Font << Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. >> /ExtGState << > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. Heuristics are one way that we save resources. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group July 2015 . Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /StructParents 5 /CS /DeviceRGB 17 0 obj central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? >> What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? >> [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 Add to folder << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Type /ExtGState /Type /StructElem -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /F2 22 0 R the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. >> People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 2011 . [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. /Tabs /S ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". by Emma2201, 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /Resources << 0 333 0 667 556 833 667 722 0 0 New York . What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? Which is viewed as more homogeneous? What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /Header /Sect Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /S /Transparency 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. /Type /Group 8 0 obj Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. [15][pageneeded]. /GS8 28 0 R [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. << >> In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> /ExtGState << -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. When can it enhance social behavior? /ParentTree 19 0 R Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. endobj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F1 21 0 R Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /Font << << -Responses varied across cultures How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /FontDescriptor 365 0 R Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. stream
149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. the degree to which something is extreme) is 5*#H-B^]gOh
#xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. 18 0 obj It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. << /Type /Font Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". How does the brain respond to social rejection? Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /Type /Catalog /Type /Group others. What is the power of single vivid instances? An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. endobj /Group << You could also do it yourself at any point in time. How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I
@OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ >> /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /S /Transparency [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. Cookie policy. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /GS8 28 0 R endobj How did Asch study conformity? we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature /Tabs /S /F1 21 0 R Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. What factors affect obedience? "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /F5 25 0 R The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). /Tabs /S What is obedience? How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. -Cognitive component: stereotypes /GS7 27 0 R >> What percentage showed complete compliance? /CS /DeviceRGB [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Footer /Sect /BM /Normal The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. 269273 . Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. << >> /Count 13 [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. -Conformity: /F1 21 0 R /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. /S /Transparency 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /InlineShape /Sect How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Type /Page /Group << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. /Font << -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior /ExtGState << Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? >> The cognitive miser theory is an . <> /Contents 35 0 R /Author (Fiske) [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. To install click the Add extension button. -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? What is social loafing? In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. Discuss the validity of each statement. /Font << Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. /GS8 28 0 R But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. /S /Transparency 11 0 obj A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R What is the dual process model of persuasion? -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. 23417270. free . >> We have created a browser extension. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> ]"&4v /CS /DeviceRGB The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /Type /Page If not, give a counterexample. 3 0 obj /Contents 39 0 R 14 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] When does it occur? Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. /Resources << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. If the statement is always true, explain why. \end{array} Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /StructParents 12 /ExtGState << The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Type /Pages [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [39][originalresearch? -Obedience: submission to authority a. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /Contents 38 0 R [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What is an attribution? >> Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. >> /Annots [51 0 R] /F4 24 0 R /F5 25 0 R adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) /CA 1 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R /Type /Page What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R /Parent 2 0 R 18 . Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R /F1 21 0 R They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. /Parent 2 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /ExtGState << -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups /StructParents 9 If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? /ExtGState << What is a meta-analysis? 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /Resources << 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R /Lang (en-US) >> CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. What is culture? schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work >> 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 /GS7 27 0 R /Length 2864 women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. /Parent 2 0 R This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. /GS8 28 0 R endobj /Group << /Subtype /Type0 As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales.
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