a. Neurotransmitters are released. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that:
a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. 65. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is:
a. existential. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. Attributions and cognitive errors. b. ethnographic studies. The neuron. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. c. manifest content. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:
a. intellectualization. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. They are sexual in nature.
PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. c. humanistic-existential
As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. How so? They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? b. superego. a. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.
b. 73. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Is this correct? D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with:
a. unknown causes. 118. 81. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. c. deep brain stimulation. Don't worry. A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Consider your parents for a minute. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. a. gestalt
b. object relations
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. self, 124.
Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology d. cognitive. 153. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? a. a. depression
b. Huntingtons disease
c. social anxiety disorder
d. schizophrenia. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the:
a. oral stage. c. phallic stage. Humanists and existentialists both agree that:
a. psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement.
PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet The content of dreams includes the persons actual retelling of the dreams, called manifest content, and the hidden or symbolic meaning called latent content. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. 40. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. past experiences. They act as the instructions to make proteins, and it is estimated by the Human Genome Project that we have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. d. displacement. 36. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. b. exposure therapy. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. What if? To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. None of the models are complete within themselves. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. a. tertiary
b. mutual-help
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. integrative behavioral. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of:
a. hormones. A friend recommends this therapy. b. cognitive-behavioral. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. b. modeling. d. behavioral. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . c. neurotransmitters. 166. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? Conditioning, or a type of associative learning, occurs when two separate events become connected. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. c. paradigms. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT:
a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely:
a. cognitive-behavioral. 147. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. a. family-social
b. multicultural
c. psychodynamic
d. humanistic-existential, 135. 68. The existential perspective. 145. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. 17. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. 55. a. avoidance
b. illogical
c. safety
d. exposure, 96. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. b. is not led by a professional clinician. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. Choose one answer. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? 131. 94. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Shonda responds by changing the subject. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? 51. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? c. gestalt therapy. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. b. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. None of the models are complete within themselves. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. 75. According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. d. create an ideal set of genes. See Figure 2.1 below. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. 112. c. psychoanalysts. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on:
a. using I language. a. cognitive-behavioral
b. psychodynamic
c. sociocultural
d. humanistic-existential, 8. 126. b. transference. c. cognitive
b. early childhood trauma. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? b. behavioral-focused
By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. c. congenital malformations. 62. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. a. psychodynamic
b. cognitive-behavioral
c. humanistic-existential
d. biological. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. 143. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. c. role-playing. a. a persons moral compass
b. the prefrontal cortex
c. a persons libido
d. ego defense mechanisms. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. c. how prejudice and discrimination impact women. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. Infections can cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing symptoms. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. Which would be a part of your paradigm? So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her).
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